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Heart Wikipedia. Heart. The human heart. Details. System. Circulatory. Artery. Aorta,apulmonary trunk and right and left pulmonary arteriesbRight coronary artery, left main coronary arterycVein. Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava,d right and left pulmonary veins,egreat cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein, small cardiac vein, anterior cardiac veins. Nerve. Accelerans nerve, vagus nerve. Identifiers. Latincor. Mdbg Chinese Reader License Key' title='Mdbg Chinese Reader License Key' />Issuu is a digital publishing platform that makes it simple to publish magazines, catalogs, newspapers, books, and more online. Easily share your publications and get. This is the third year I teach the introduction course in Chinese at Linkping University here in Sweden. Each time Ive taught this course, Ive felt the lack. The proposal was modelled after the SGML reader Dynatext by Electronic Book Technology, a spinoff from the Institute for Research in Information and Scholarship at. Mdbg Chinese Reader License Key' title='Mdbg Chinese Reader License Key' />Greekkarda Me. SHA0. 7. 5. 41. TAA1. FMA7. 08. 8Anatomical terminology. The heart is a muscularorgan in most animals, which pumps blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory system. Blood provides the body with oxygen and nutrients, as well as assists in the removal of metabolic wastes. In humans, the heart is located between the lungs, in the middle compartment of the chest. In humans, other mammals, and birds, the heart is divided into four chambers upper left and right atria and lower left and right ventricles. Commonly the right atrium and ventricle are referred together as the right heart and their left counterparts as the left heart. Fish, in contrast, have two chambers, an atrium and a ventricle, while reptiles have three chambers. In a healthy heart blood flows one way through the heart due to heart valves, which prevent backflow. The heart is enclosed in a protective sac, the pericardium, which also contains a small amount of fluid. The wall of the heart is made up of three layers epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium. The heart pumps blood with a rhythm determined by a group of pacemaking cells in the sinoatrial node. These generate a current that causes contraction of the heart, traveling through the atrioventricular node and along the conduction system of the heart. The heart receives blood low in oxygen from the systemic circulation, which enters the right atrium from the superior and inferiorvenae cavae and passes to the right ventricle. From here it is pumped into the pulmonary circulation, through the lungs where it receives oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide. Oxygenated blood then returns to the left atrium, passes through the left ventricle and is pumped out through the aorta to the systemic circulationwhere the oxygen is used and metabolized to carbon dioxide. The heart beats at a resting rate close to 7. Exercise temporarily increases the rate, but lowers resting heart rate in the long term, and is good for heart health. Cardiovascular diseases CVD are the most common cause of death globally as of 2. Of these more than three quarters are a result of coronary artery disease and stroke. Risk factors include smoking, being overweight, little exercise, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and poorly controlled diabetes, among others. Cardiovascular diseases frequently do not have symptoms or may cause chest pain or shortness of breath. Diagnosis of heart disease is often done by the taking of a medical history, listening to the heart sounds with a stethoscope, ECG, and ultrasound. Specialists who focus on diseases of the heart are called cardiologists, although many specialties of medicine may be involved in treatment. Structure. photograph of a human heart. Computer generated animation of a beating human heart. Location and shape. The human heart is in the middle of the thorax, with its apex pointing to the left. The human heart is situated in the middle mediastinum, at the level of thoracic vertebrae T5 T8. A double membraned sac called the pericardium surrounds the heart and attaches to the mediastinum. The back surface of the heart lies near the vertebral column, and the front surface sits behind the sternum and rib cartilages. The upper part of the heart is the attachment point for several large blood vessels the venae cavae, aorta and pulmonary trunk. The upper part of the heart is located at the level of the third costal cartilage. The lower tip of the heart, the apex, lies to the left of the sternum 8 to 9 cm from the midsternal line between the junction of the fourth and fifth ribs near their articulation with the costal cartilages. Cons Guest Pro Program Worker. The largest part of the heart is usually slightly offset to the left side of the chest though occasionally it may be offset to the right and is felt to be on the left because the left heart is stronger and larger, since it pumps to all body parts. Because the heart is between the lungs, the left lung is smaller than the right lung and has a cardiac notch in its border to accommodate the heart. The heart is cone shaped, with its base positioned upwards and tapering down to the apex. An adult heart has a mass of 2. The heart is typically the size of a fist 1. Well trained athletes can have much larger hearts due to the effects of exercise on the heart muscle, similar to the response of skeletal muscle. Chambers. Heart being dissected showing right and left ventricles, from above. The heart has four chambers, two upper atria, the receiving chambers, and two lower ventricles, the discharging chambers. The atria open into the ventricles via the atrioventricular valves, present in the atrioventricular septum. This distinction is visible also on the surface of the heart as the coronary sulcus. There is an ear shaped structure in the upper right atrium called the right atrial appendage, or auricle, and another in the upper left atrium, the left atrial appendage. The right atrium and the right ventricle together are sometimes referred to as the right heart. Similarly, the left atrium and the left ventricle together are sometimes referred to as the left heart. The ventricles are separated from each other by the interventricular septum, visible on the surface of the heart as the anterior longitudinal sulcus and the posterior interventricular sulcus. The cardiac skeleton is made of dense connective tissue and this gives structure to the heart. It forms the atrioventricular septum which separates the atria from the ventricles, and the fibrous rings which serve as bases for the four heart valves. The cardiac skeleton also provides an important boundary in the hearts electrical conduction system since collagen cannot conduct electricity. The interatrial septum separates the atria and the interventricular septum separates the ventricles. The interventricular septum is much thicker than the interatrial septum, since the ventricles need to generate greater pressure when they contract. Valves. With the atria and major vessels removed, all four valves are clearly visible. The heart, showing valves, arteries and veins. The white arrows show the normal direction of blood flow. Frontal section showing papillary muscles attached to the tricuspid valve on the right and to the mitral valve on the left via chordae tendineae. The heart has four valves, which separate its chambers. One valve lies between each atrium and ventricle, and one valve rests at the exit of each ventricle. The valves between the atria and ventricles are called the atrioventricular valves. Between the right atrium and the right ventricle is the tricuspid valve. The tricuspid valve has three cusps, which connect to chordae tendinae and three papillary muscles named the anterior, posterior, and septal muscles, after their relative positions. The mitral valve lies between the left atrium and left ventricle. It is also known as the bicuspid valve due to its having two cusps, an anterior and a posterior cusp. Kickstart your character learning with the 1. This is the third year I teach the introduction course in Chinese at Linkping University here in Sweden. Each time Ive taught this course, Ive felt the lack of a beginner friendly radical list. I often tell students that learning character components is essential, that its a long term investment that will pay off several times over the course of their Chinese studies. I then show them some of the most common radicals. But then what Beginners often find it hard to distinguish which parts are common and which arent. Sure, you can use the if you see it more than twice, learn it rule, but thats not terribly helpful. Filling a gap. Curiously, I have been unable to find a good list of the most common radicals. Before you post a comment telling me that there are many, hear me out. If you dont want to here me out and just want the list, click here to scroll down. Most importantly, all lists sorted on frequency that I have seen such as the article on the Kangxi radicals on Wikipedia are based on data from a very large volume of characters. If you base such a list on the 5. Kangxi dictionary, you will end up believing that bird is one of the most common radicals. Its not. If you only take the most commonly used 2. That means it doesnt even make the top 1. Thus, most of the 7. Kangxi dictionary are not common characters. Other lists Ive found are based on the 8. The most common radicals among the most common characters. The list I have compiled is based on the frequency of the radicals among the 2. This means that all these radicals are essential. Almost all occur in at least ten characters, most of them in much more than that. This means that as a beginner, you can learn all the radicals in this list without fearing that youre learning things that actually arent that common. Its meant to be a solid foundation on which to build. The alternative is to learn all the radicals, but some of them are very rare indeed. The list and what it contains. The list I have compiled is available both as a tab delimited text file and as a shared deck in Anki available here, download whichever version suits your needs. The 1. 00 most common radicals in. Anki format, if youre using a new version of Anki, you can just use this link, if you want better formatting of the cards, please refer to this text file, created by GregoryThe 1. Firefox, do View Character encoding, in Internet Explorer, right click and the Encoding, this should be set to UnicodeThe 1. PDF suitable for printing. There are two PDF versions available, so download both and see which one you like the most. The first was created by Markus Ackermann and can be downloaded here. The second is created by Peter Lee and can be downloaded here. These are the columns used in the list Simplified This shows the simplified version of the radical as it appears in most characters. Traditional This shows the traditional character as it appears in most characters. Variants This shows other common variants of the same radical or the original character. Meaning This is the basic meanings of the radical in English. Pronunciation Pinyin. If written in parentheses, it is not among the most common 2. Examples Five examples chosen from the 2. Comment My notes for the radical with extra clarification and warnings about similar radicals. Colloquial name The name Chinese people use to refer to the radical. Beginners can ignore this. How to use the list. As a beginner, you can use the list to boost your understanding of Chinese characters. Learning these 1. Of course, you wont recognise all parts of every character, but it is a good start. Learn to write characters online or on your mobile device. If you want a good tool to learn characters in general, I suggest using Skritter. Its the only tool that gives you instructive feedback and requires you to write correct characters. It also uses spaced repetition, making learning characters much more efficient. If you want to study the list on Skritter, go to user made lists, search for Hackingchinese. As a teacher, you can use this list or a section of it to introduce students to radicals. You can also provide as extra material for students who want to learn more than what is offered on the curriculum. Even if you dont teach all the radicals yourself, you should at least make it easy for people who wish to do so. Kickstarting your understanding of Chinese characters. Chinese is a wonderful language to learn, partly because it can be hacked very efficiently. Learning Chinese characters by pure rote takes huge amounts of time, but learning basic components such as those in this list, you can make learning characters both meaningful and fun. Instead of simply writing a character over and over, take a close look at the parts and find creative ways of linking them together. I have written more about how to use mnemonics to learn characters and words elsewhere, check these articles Future development. This list isnt perfect. In essence, there are two things I would like to do, but dont have the time to do right now. First, even though this list is weighted according to character frequency I only looked at the 2. The best solution would be to look at each character among the 2. This number would then be taken into consideration when determining how common a radical was. Thus, the in should give a higher score than the in. Second, radicals arent necessarily the most important building blocks. A radical is really just the part of a character under which the character is sorted in dictionaries. This means that there are other character parts which are really common, but which arent radicals and that even if you learn a radical, its not necessarily the radical if it appears in another character. I used radicals for this list because it was easier to do and there is no commonly agreed on way of listing components in general. There are many other components that normally carry information about how a character is pronounced. I have written about phonetic components already Phonetic components, part 1 The key to 8. Chinese characters, but I havent been able to produce a list similar to this one for sound components. The ideal thing would be to have two lists, one for components that carry meaning and one for components that carry sound, but thats a project still in progress. Nivea 25 Reasons. Thus, this list is a compromise. Its the best I can do with the time I have available. I do think its useful and learning all these radicals will be genuinely helpful when learning Chinese. If you have suggestions for how to make the list even better, let me know Do you want more practical exercises, audio versions of articles and Chinese translationsCheck out my Patreon page Share this article.